The normal word order in MSA is Subject-Verb-Object. aspect in Arabic verbs is not fully resolved. It must be noted that the problem of tense vs. The imperfect can refer to present, past, or future. The perfect can refer to present, pluperfect, or future. MSA has a past, or perfect, suffixed conjugation and a non-past, or imperfect, prefixed conjugation.Each form has its own set of active and passive participles and verbal nouns. There is one basic stem plus nine derived stems, each with a range of meanings, such as reflexivity, and causativity.Person, mood, and aspect are marked by prefixes and suffixes.Some of its most salient features are listed below. The Arabic verb system is very different from that of Indo-European languages. Ths category is present in all dialects of Arabic, e.g., Definiteness is marked by the article ‘al-, while indefiniteness is usually indicated by the suffix -n which follows the case marker. Nouns are marked for definiteness/indefiniteness.This feature is present in all dialects of Arabic. Adjectives, pronouns, and verbs agree with nouns in case, gender and number.Arabic has two genders: masculine and feminine.Broken plurals are found in other Semitic languages, but they are most frequent in Arabic. In some instances, the plural is expressed by changing the vowel structure of a word, e.g., kitāb ‘‘book,’ kutub ”books.’ This is called a broken plural. The plural is usually formed by adding a suffix to the end of a word. The dual number has all but disappeared in a number of colloquial varieties of Arabic. There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural, e.g., dinaar (singular) – diinaareen (dual, i.e., ‘two dinars’) – danaaniir (plural).Only educated speakers of MSA master their use. There are three cases: nominative, genitive and accusative.MSA nouns have the following distinguishing features: For instance, in Saudi Arabia all radio and TV broadcasts are in MSA while in the former French colonies of the Maghreb, there is a continued tendency to use French in formal occasions and in writing. The use of MSA varies somewhat across the Arab world. It is used in formal speaking situations such as sermons, lectures, news broadcasts, and speeches, and in all formal writing such as official correspondence, literature and newspapers. It is the official or co-official language of Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian West Bank and Gaza, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Modern Standard Arabic is one of the official six languages of the United Nations. Among the rest of the population, the level of proficiency in MSA varies considerably. Educated people tend to be highly proficient in speaking and writing in MSA, in addition to speaking their local Arabic varieties. Second, the skill levels in MSA vary widely. First, it is learned not as a first language, but as a second language in school and through exposure to radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and religion. The exact number of people who speak MSA is extremely difficult to estimate for a number of reasons. MSA is quite uniform throughout the Arab world and serves as a lingua franca for speakers of various spoken dialects some of which are not mutually comprehensible. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), also called Al-’Arabiyya, Al-Fusha, and Literary Arabic, is the modern standard language based on Classical Arabic, the language of the Qur’an and early Islamic literature.
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